[ICI][PL] Engels Fryderyk - Pochodzenie rodziny wlasnosci prywatnej i panstwa, książki e, 639-[ICI][PL] Engels ...
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Fryderyk Engels
.
Pochodzenie rodziny,
ZáDVQRĞFLSU\ZDWQHMLSDĔVWZD
:]ZLą]NX]EDGDQLDPL/HZLVD+0RUJDQD
.
7\WXáRU\JLQDáX
'HU8QVSUXQJGHU)DLPLOLHGHV3ULYDWHLJHQWKXPVXQGGHV6WDDWV
,P$QVFKOXVVDQ/HZLV+0RUJDQV)RUVFKXQJHQ
.
1DSLVDQH
ZRNUHVLHRGNRĔFDPDUFDGRPDMD
.
ħUyGáR
.DURO0DUNV)U\GHU\N(QJHOV']LHáDWRP
.
3RUD]SLHUZV]\RSXEOLNRZDQHZMĊ]\NXSROVNLP
3DU\ĪWáXPDF]HQLH-):ROVNL/.U]\ZLFNL
.
DTP by SHADE
1
3U]HGPRZDGRSLHUZV]HJRZ\GDQLD]URNX
.
3UDFDQLQLHMV]DVWDQRZLSRQLHNąGZ\NRQDQLHWHVWDPHQWX1LNWLQQ\W\ONRVDP.DURO0DUNV]DPLHU]Dá
RSLVDüUH]XOWDW\EDGDĔ0RUJDQDZ]ZLą]NX]Z\QLNDPLVZRMHJR±ZSHZQ\FKJUDQLFDFKPRJĊSRZLH-
G]LHüQDV]HJR±PDWHULDOLVW\F]QHJREDGDQLDKLVWRULLLZWHQVSRVyEGRSLHURZ\MDĞQLüFDáHLFK]QDF]HQLH
3U]HFLHĪ0RUJDQZ$PHU\FHRGNU\áQDQRZRQDVZyMVSRVyEPDWHULDOLVW\F]QHSRMPRZDQLHG]LHMyZ
RGNU\WHSU]H]0DUNVDSU]HGF]WHUG]LHVWXODW\'RSURZDG]LáRJRRQRSU]\SRUyZQ\ZDQLXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZD
LF\ZLOL]DFMLZQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKSXQNWDFKGRW\FKVDP\FKZ\QLNyZFR0DUNVD,SRGREQLHMDNQLHPLHFF\
]DZRGRZLHNRQRPLĞFLSU]H]FDáHODWDJRUOLZLHĞFLąJDOL]³.DSLWDáX´0DUNVDDMHGQRF]HĞQLHXSRUF]\ZLH
SU]HPLOF]DOLJR±]XSHáQLHWDNVDPRSRWUDNWRZDOLSUDFĊ0RUJDQD³$QFLHQW6RFLHW\´DU]HF]QLF\ZLHG]\
³SUHKLVWRU\F]QHM´Z$QJOLL0RMDSUDFDPRĪHW\ONRZVáDE\PVWRSQLX]DVWąSLüWRF]HJRQLHGDQHE\áRGR-
NRQDüPHPX]PDUáHPXSU]\MDFLHORZL:SRVLDGDQLXPRLP]QDMGXMąVLĊMHGQDNXZDJLNU\W\F]QH0DUNVD
GRMHJRREV]HUQ\FKZ\SLVyZ]0RUJDQDLJG]LHW\ONRPRĪQDRGWZDU]DPMHWXWDM
.
=JRGQLH]HVWDQRZLVNLHPPDWHULDOLVW\F]Q\PPRPHQWHPGHF\GXMąF\PZKLVWRULLMHVWZRVWDWQLHMLQ-
VWDQFMLSURGXNFMDLUHSURGXNFMDEH]SRĞUHGQLHJRĪ\FLD7DMHGQDNMHVW]QRZXGZRMDNLHJRURG]DMX=MHGQHM
VWURQ\Z\WZDU]DQLHĞURGNyZXWU]\PDQLDĞURGNyZVSRĪ\FLDRG]LHĪ\PLHV]NDQLDLQLH]EĊGQ\FKGRWHJR
QDU]ĊG]L]GUXJLHMVWURQ\Z\WZDU]DQLHVDP\FKOXG]LUR]PQDĪDQLHJDWXQNX8U]ąG]HQLDVSRáHF]QHZMD-
NLFKĪ\MąOXG]LHGDQHMHSRNLKLVWRU\F]QHMLGDQHJRNUDMXVąXZDUXQNRZDQHSU]H]REDURG]DMHSURGXNFML
SU]H]VWRSLHĔUR]ZRMXSUDF\]MHGQHMVWURQ\LURG]LQ\±]GUXJLHM,PPQLHMUR]ZLQLĊWDMHVWSUDFDLP
EDUG]LHMRJUDQLF]RQDMHVWLORĞüMHMZ\WZRUyZDZLĊFLERJDFWZRVSRáHF]QHZW\PZLĊNV]\PVWRSQLX
F]\QQLNLHPGRPLQXMąF\PZXVWURMXVSRáHF]Q\PVą]ZLą]NLURGRZH-HGQDNĪHSU]\W\PSRG]LDOHVSRáH-
F]HĔVWZDRSDUW\PQD]ZLą]NDFKURGRZ\FKFRUD]EDUG]LHMUR]ZLMDVLĊZ\GDMQRĞüSUDF\ZUD]]QLąZáD-
VQRĞüSU\ZDWQDLZ\PLDQD]UyĪQLFRZDQLHPDMąWNRZHPRĪQRĞü]DWUXGQLDQLDFXG]HMVLá\URERF]HMDW\P
VDP\PSRGVWDZDSU]HFLZLHĔVWZNODVRZ\FKQRZHHOHPHQW\VSRáHF]QHNWyUHZFLąJXV]HUHJXSRNROHĔ
VWDUDMąVLĊSU]\VWRVRZDüVWDU\XVWUyMVSRáHF]Q\GRQRZ\FKVWRVXQNyZDĪZUHV]FLHQLHPRĪOLZRĞüSRJR-
G]HQLDMHGQHJR]GUXJLPGRSURZDG]DGR]XSHáQHJRSU]HZURWX6WDUHVSRáHF]HĔVWZRRSDUWHQD]ZLą]NDFK
URGRZ\FK]RVWDMHUR]VDG]RQHZVWDUFLXQRZRSRZVWDá\FKNODVVSRáHF]Q\FKMHJRPLHMVFH]DMPXMHQRZH
VSRáHF]HĔVWZR]HVSRORQHZSDĔVWZRZNWyU\PQLĪV]\PLRJQLZDPLVąMXĪQLH]ZLą]NLURGRZHOHF]]ZLą]-
NLWHU\WRULDOQHVSRáHF]HĔVWZRZNWyU\PVWRVXQNLURG]LQQH]RVWDMąFDáNRZLFLHRSDQRZDQHSU]H]VWRVXQNL
ZáDVQRĞFLLZNWyU\PWHUD]VZRERGQLHUR]ZLMDMąVLĊRZHSU]HFLZLHĔVWZDNODVRZHLZDONLNODVRZHVWDQR-
ZLąFHWUHĞüFDáHMGRW\FKF]DVRZHMSLVDQHMKLVWRULL
.
:LHONą]DVáXJą0RUJDQDMHVWWRĪHRGNU\áLRGWZRU]\áZJáyZQ\FK]DU\VDFKWĊSUHKLVWRU\F]QąSRG-
VWDZĊQDV]HMSLVDQHMKLVWRULLLĪHZ]ZLą]NDFKURGRZ\FK,QGLDQSyáQRFQRDPHU\NDĔVNLFK]QDOD]áNOXF]
GRQDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKQLHUR]ZLą]DQ\FKGRWąG]DJDGHN]DPLHU]FKáHMKLVWRULL*UHNyZ5]\PLDQL*HUPDQyZ
$OHWHĪSUDFDMHJRQLHMHVWG]LHáHPMHGQHJRGQLD%OLVNRF]WHUG]LHĞFLODW]PDJDáVLĊRQ]HVZ\PPDWHULD-
áHP]DQLPJR]XSHáQLHRSDQRZDá=DWRNVLąĪNDMHJRMHVWMHGQ\P]QLHZLHOXHSRNRZ\FKG]LHáQDV]\FK
F]DVyZ
.
:GDOV]\PZ\NáDG]LHF]\WHOQLNQDRJyááDWZRRGUyĪQLFRSRFKRG]LRG0RUJDQDDFRMDGRGDáHP
:UR]G]LDáDFKKLVWRU\F]Q\FKGRW\F]ąF\FK*UHFMLL5]\PXQLHSRSU]HVWDZDáHPQDGRZRGDFK0RUJDQD
OHF]GRGDáHPZV]\VWNRF]\PUR]SRU]ąG]DáHP5R]G]LDá\R&HOWDFKL*HUPDQDFKVąZ]DVDG]LHPRMH
0RUJDQUR]SRU]ąG]DáWXQLHPDOZ\áąF]QLHĨUyGáDPL]GUXJLHMUĊNLDGODVWRVXQNyZQLHPLHFNLFK±SUyF]
7DF\WD±W\ONROLFK\PLOLEHUDOQ\PLIDOV\ILNDWDPLSDQD)UHHPDQD:\ZRG\HNRQRPLF]QHZ\VWDUF]DMąFH
GODFHOyZNWyUHVWDZLDáVRELH0RUJDQDOH]XSHáQLHQLHGRVWDWHF]QHGODPRLFKRSUDFRZDáHPZV]\VWNLH
QDQRZR:UHV]FLHUR]XPLHVLĊSRQRV]ĊRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞü]DZV]\VWNLHZQLRVNLRLOHQLHF\WXMĊZ\UDĨ-
QLH0RUJDQD
DTP by SHADE
,3U]HGKLVWRU\F]QHVWRSQLHNXOWXU\
.
0RUJDQMHVWSLHUZV]\PNWyU\]H]QDMRPRĞFLąU]HF]\SUyEXMHZSURZDG]LüSHZLHQ
SRU]ąGHNGRSUHKLVWRULLOXG]NRĞFLGRSyNL]QDF]QHQDJURPDG]HQLHZLĊNV]HMLORĞFLPD-
WHULDáXQLHEĊG]LHZ\PDJDáR]PLDQGRNRQDQDSU]H]QLHJRV\VWHPDW\]DFMD]DSHZQH
SR]RVWDQLHZPRF\
.
=WU]HFKJáyZQ\FKHSRNG]LNRĞFLEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDF\ZLOL]DFMLLQWHUHVXMąJRU]HF]
MDVQDW\ONRGZLHSLHUZV]HLSU]HMĞFLHGRWU]HFLHM.DĪGą]RE\GZXHSRNG]LHOLRQQDQLĪ-
V]\ĞUHGQLL±Z\ĪV]\V]F]HEHO]DOHĪQLHRGSRVWĊSyZZSURGXNFMLĞURGNyZXWU]\PDQLD
ZHGáXJQLHJRERZLHP
.
³ZSUDZDZWHMSURGXNFMLGHF\GXMHRVWRSQLXZ\ĪV]RĞFLLSDQRZDQLDF]áRZLHNDQDG
SU]\URGąVSRĞUyGZV]\VWNLFKLVWRWMHGHQW\ONRF]áRZLHNRVLąJQąáDEVROXWQHQLHPDOSD-
QRZDQLHQDGSURGXNFMąĞURGNyZĪ\ZQRĞFL:V]\VWNLHZLHONLHHSRNLSRVWĊSXOXG]NRĞFL
]ELHJDMąVLĊ²PQLHMOXEZLĊFHMEH]SRĞUHGQLR²]HSRNDPLUR]V]HU]DQLDĨUyGHáXWU]\-
PDQLD´
.
5R]ZyMURG]LQ\SRVWĊSXMHUyZQROHJOHQLHGRVWDUF]DMHGQDNWDNXGHU]DMąFRFKDUDN-
WHU\VW\F]Q\FKFHFKGODSRG]LDáXQDRNUHV\
']LNRĞü
.
6WRSLHĔQLĪV]\2NUHVG]LHFLĔVWZDURG]DMXOXG]NLHJR/XG]LHSU]HE\ZDMąMHV]-
F]HZVZ\FKSLHUZRWQ\FKVLHG]LEDFKZODVDFK]ZURWQLNRZ\FKOXESRG]ZURWQLNRZ\FK
3URZDG]ąSU]\QDMPQLHMF]ĊĞFLRZRĪ\FLHQDGU]HZQHF]\PMHG\QLHWáXPDF]\VLĊIDNW
ĪHSU]HWUZDOLZĞUyGZLHONLFKGUDSLHĪFyZ=DSRNDUPVáXĪ\á\LPRZRFHRU]HFK\NRU]RQ-
NL3RZVWDQLHPRZ\DUW\NXáRZDQHMMHVWQDMGRQLRĞOHMV]ą]GRE\F]ąWHJRRNUHVX6SRĞUyG
ZV]\VWNLFKOXGyZSR]QDQ\FKZRNUHVLHKLVWRU\F]Q\PĪDGHQMXĪQLH]QDMGRZDáVLĊZW\P
VWDQLHSLHUZRWQ\P-DNNROZLHNVWDQWHQWUZDá]DSHZQHZLHOHW\VLĊF\ODWQLHPRĪHP\
MHGQDNGDüEH]SRĞUHGQLFKGRZRGyZMHJRLVWQLHQLD$OHVNRURX]QDOLĞP\SRFKRG]HQLH
F]áRZLHNDRGĞZLDWD]ZLHU]ĊFHJRDOHPRĪHP\QLHX]QDüWHJRVWDQXSU]HMĞFLRZHJR
.
6WRSLHĔĞUHGQL=DF]\QDVLĊRGZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDMDNRSRNDUPXU\EGRNWyU\FK
]DOLF]DP\UyZQLHĪUDNLPXV]OHLLQQH]ZLHU]ĊWDZRGQHLRGXĪ\ZDQLDRJQLD-HGQR
ZLąĪHVLĊ]GUXJLPERSRNDUP]U\E\VWDMHVLĊZ]XSHáQRĞFL]GDWQ\GRXĪ\WNXGRSLHUR
SU]\SRPRF\RJQLD']LĊNLWHPXQRZHPXSRĪ\ZLHQLXOXG]LHXQLH]DOHĪQLOLVLĊRGNOLPD-
WXLPLHMVFRZRĞFLLGąFZ]GáXĪU]HNLZ\EU]HĪ\PRJOLQDZHWZVWDQLHG]LNLP]DOXGQLü
ZLĊNV]ąF]ĊĞüNXOL]LHPVNLHM=JUXEDFLRVDQHQLHJáDG]RQHQDU]ĊG]LDNDPLHQQHZF]H-
VQHMHSRNLNDPLHQQHMWDN]ZDQHQDU]ĊG]LDSDOHROLW\F]QHNWyUHZV]\VWNLHOXESUDZLH
ZV]\VWNLHSU]\SDGDMąQDWHQRNUHVUR]VLDQHSRZV]\VWNLFKNRQW\QHQWDFKVWDQRZLą
GRZyGRZ\FKZĊGUyZHN1RZR]DMĊWHVWUHI\MDNUyZQLHĪZLHF]QLHĪ\Z\LQVW\QNWZ\QD-
OD]F]\áąF]QLH]SRVLDGDQLHPRJQLDZ]QLHFDQHJRWDUFLHPGRVWDUF]Dá\QRZ\FKĞURGNyZ
SRĪ\ZLHQLDERJDW\FKZVNURELĊNRU]HQLLEXOZSLHF]RQ\FKZJRUąF\PSRSLHOHOXEZMD-
PDFKGRSLHF]HQLDSLHFDFK]LHPQ\FKGDOHMG]LF]\]Q\NWyUDZUD]]Z\QDOH]LHQLHP
SLHUZV]HMEURQLPDF]XJLLG]LG\VWDáDVLĊSU]\JRGQ\PGRGDWNLHPGRVWUDZ\2SLV\-
ZDQHZNVLąĪNDFKOXG\Z\áąF]QLHP\ĞOLZVNLHWMOXG\Ī\MąFHW\ONR]SRORZDQLDQLJG\
QLHLVWQLDá\]GRE\F]P\ĞOLZVNDMHVWGRWHJRFHOX]E\WQLHSHZQD:VNXWHNGáXJRWUZDáHM
QLHSHZQRĞFLĨUyGHáXWU]\PDQLDSRZVWDáRZLGRF]QLHQDW\PVWRSQLXOXGRĪHUVWZRNWyUH
RGWHJRF]DVXGáXJRVLĊXWU]\PXMH$XVWUDOLMF]\F\LOLF]QL3ROLQH]\MF]\F\]QDMGXMąVLĊ
MHV]F]HREHFQLHQDW\PĞUHGQLPVWRSQLXG]LNRĞFL
.
6WRSLHĔZ\ĪV]\5R]SRF]\QDVLĊZUD]]Z\QDOH]LHQLHPáXNXLVWU]Dá\ZVNXWHN
F]HJRG]LF]\]QDVWDMHVLĊUHJXODUQ\PSRNDUPHPDSRORZDQLHMHGQą]QRUPDOQ\FKJD-
DTP by SHADE
3
áĊ]LSUDF\àXNFLĊFLZDLVWU]DáDVWDQRZLąMXĪEDUG]RVNRPSOLNRZDQHQDU]ĊG]LHNWyUHJR
Z\QDOH]LHQLHZ\PDJDáRGáXJRQDJURPDG]RQHJRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLZ\üZLF]RQHJRXP\-
VáXDZLĊFLMHGQRF]HVQHM]QDMRPRĞFLPQyVWZDLQQ\FKZ\QDOD]NyZ-HĪHOLSRUyZQDP\
]HVREąOXG\]QDMąFHMXĪáXNLVWU]Dá\DOHQLH]QDMąFHOHV]F]HJDUQFDUVWZDRGNWyUHJR
ZHGáXJ0RUJDQDGDWXMHVLĊSU]HMĞFLHGREDUEDU]\ĔVWZD]QDMG]LHP\MXĪXQLFKZU]HF]\
VDPHMSHZQHSRF]ąWNLRVLHGODQLDVLĊZHZVLDFKSHZQą]QDMRPRĞüSURGXNFMLĞURGNyZ
XWU]\PDQLDQDF]\QLDGUHZQLDQHLVSU]ĊW\WNDFWZRUĊF]QHEH]NURVQD]ZáyNLHQá\NR-
Z\FKNRV]\NLSOHFLRQH]á\NDOXEWU]FLQ\JáDG]RQHQHROLW\F]QHQDU]ĊG]LDNDPLHQ-
QH=Z\NOHMXĪRJLHĔLWRSyUNDPLHQQ\XPRĪOLZLDá\]URELHQLHSLURJLRUD]EHOHNLGHVHN
GREXGRZ\GRPX:V]\VWNLHWH]GRE\F]H]QDMGXMHP\QSZ$PHU\FHXSyáQRFQR]D-
FKRGQLFK,QGLDQNWyU]\]QDMąZSUDZG]LHáXNLVWU]DáĊOHF]QLH]QDMąJDUQFDUVWZD'OD
VWDQXG]LNRĞFLáXNLVWU]DáDE\á\W\PF]\PPLHF]ĪHOD]Q\GODEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDDEURĔ
SDOQDGODF\ZLOL]DFMLRUĊĪHPGHF\GXMąF\P
%DUEDU]\ĔVWZR
.
6WRSLHĔQLĪV]\5R]SRF]\QDVLĊRGZSURZDG]HQLDJDUQFDUVWZD3RZVWDáRRQR±
ZZLHOXVSUDZG]RQ\FKZ\SDGNDFKDSUDZGRSRGREQLHZV]ĊG]LH±]REOHSLDQLDJOLQąSOH-
FLRQ\FKOXEGUHZQLDQ\FKQDF]\ĔFRPLDáRXF]\QLüMHRJQLRWUZDá\PL3U]\W\PZNUyWFH
VSRVWU]HĪRQRĪHXIRUPRZDQDJOLQDVáXĪ\UyZQLHGREU]HLEH]ZHZQĊWU]QHJRQDF]\QLD
.
'RW\FKF]DVPRJOLĞP\ZVSRVyEFDáNRZLFLHRJyOQ\UR]SDWU\ZDüSU]HELHJUR]ZRMX
MDNRSUDZRPRFQ\GODZV]\VWNLFKOXGyZRNUHĞORQHJRRNUHVXEH]XZ]JOĊGQLHQLDZáD-
ĞFLZRĞFLORNDOQ\FK$OHZUD]]QDVWDQLHPEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDGRV]OLĞP\GRVWRSQLDZNWy-
U\PQDELHUDMą]QDF]HQLDUyĪQLFHZ\SRVDĪHQLDQDWXUDOQHJRREXZLHONLFKNRQW\QHQWyZ
]LHPVNLFK&KDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\PPRPHQWHPGODRNUHVXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDMHVWRVZDMDQLH
LKRGRZOD]ZLHU]ąWRUD]XSUDZDURĞOLQ2WyĪNRQW\QHQWZVFKRGQLW]Z6WDU\ĝZLDW
SRVLDGDáSUDZLHZV]\VWNLHQDGDMąFHVLĊGRRVZRMHQLD]ZLHU]ĊWDLZV]\VWNLHQDGDMą-
FHVLĊGRXSUDZ\JDWXQNL]EyĪ]Z\MąWNLHPMHGQHJRNRQW\QHQW]DFKRGQL±$PHU\ND
]HVVDNyZQDGDMąF\FKVLĊGRRVZRMHQLDSRVLDGDáW\ONRODPĊLWRW\ONRZMHGQHMF]ĊĞFL
QDSRáXGQLXD]HZV]\VWNLFK]EyĪXSUDZQ\FKW\ONRMHGQRDOHQDMOHSV]HNXNXU\G]Ċ7H
UyĪQHZDUXQNLSU]\URG]RQHVSUDZLDMąĪHRGWąGOXGQRĞüREXSyáNXOLG]LHNDĪGDRGUĊEQą
GURJąLVáXS\JUDQLF]QHRGG]LHODMąFHSRV]F]HJyOQHVWRSQLHVąZNDĪG\P]REXZ\SDG-
NyZUyĪQH
.
6WRSLHĔĞUHGQL1D:VFKRG]LHUR]SRF]\QDVLĊZUD]]RVZRMHQLHP]ZLHU]ąWGR-
PRZ\FKQD=DFKRG]LH]DĞZUD]]XSUDZąURĞOLQMDGDOQ\FKSU]\SRPRF\QDZDGQLDQLD
LXĪ\ZDQLHPQDEXGRZOHDGREyZVXV]RQ\FKQDVáRĔFXFHJLHáLNDPLHQL
.
=DF]\QDP\RG=DFKRGXERWXWDMVWRSLHĔWHQDĪGRRSDQRZDQLDW\FK]LHPSU]H]
(XURSHMF]\NyZQLJG]LHQLH]RVWDáSU]HNURF]RQ\
.
,QGLDQLH]QDMGXMąF\VLĊQDQLĪV]\PVWRSQLXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDQDOHĪHOLGRQLFKZV]\-
VF\,QGLDQLHQDZVFKyGRG0LVVLVLSLZF]DVLHJG\LFKRGNU\WR]QDOLMXĪSHZLHQVSRVyE
RJUyGNRZHMXSUDZ\NXNXU\G]\DPRĪHWDNĪHG\ĔPHORQyZLLQQ\FKURĞOLQRJURGR-
Z\FKGRVWDUF]DMąF\FKLPEDUG]RLVWRWQHMF]ĊĞFLSRĪ\ZLHQLD0LHV]NDOLRQLZGUHZQLD-
Q\FKGRPDFKZRVDGDFKRWRF]RQ\FKSDOLVDGą3OHPLRQDSyáQRFQR]DFKRGQLHV]F]H-
JyOQLHZGRU]HF]XU]HNL.ROXPELL]QDMGRZDá\VLĊMHV]F]HQDZ\ĪV]\PVWRSQLXG]LNRĞFL
LQLH]QDá\DQLJDUQFDUVWZDDQLMDNLHMNROZLHNXSUDZ\URĞOLQ1DWRPLDVW,QGLDQLHW]Z
3XHEORZ1RZ\P0HNV\NX0HNV\NDQLHPLHV]NDĔF\$PHU\NLĝURGNRZHML3HUXZLDĔ-
F]\F\ZF]DVLHSRGERMX]QDMGRZDOLVLĊQDĞUHGQLPVWRSQLXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDPLHV]NDOL
ZGRPDFKSRGREQ\FKGRIRUWHF]EXGRZDQ\FK]VXURZHMFHJá\OXENDPLHQLDXSUDZLDOL
ZV]WXF]QLHQDZDGQLDQ\FKRJURGDFKNXNXU\G]ĊL]DOHĪQLHRGNOLPDWXLSRáRĪHQLDUyĪQH
LQQHURĞOLQ\MDGDOQHNWyUHE\á\LFKJáyZQ\PĨUyGáHPSRĪ\ZLHQLDRVZRLOLQDZHWQLH-
DTP by SHADE
NWyUH]ZLHU]ĊWD0HNV\NDQLH±LQG\NDLLQQHSWDNL3HUXZLDĔF]\F\±ODPĊ1DGWRXPLHOL
REUDELDüPHWDOH±]Z\MąWNLHPĪHOD]DZVNXWHNF]HJRZFLąĪMHV]F]HQLHPRJOLREHMĞüVLĊ
EH]EURQLNDPLHQQHMLQDU]ĊG]LNDPLHQQ\FK3RGEyMKLV]SDĔVNLSU]HFLąáZV]HONLGDOV]\
VDPRG]LHOQ\UR]ZyM
.
1D:VFKRG]LHĞUHGQLVWRSLHĔEDUEDU]\ĔVWZD]DF]\QDVLĊRGRVZRMHQLD]ZLHU]ąWGR-
VWDUF]DMąF\FKPOHNDLPLĊVDSRGF]DVJG\XSUDZDURĞOLQSR]RVWDZDáDMHV]F]HSUDZGR-
SRGREQLHSU]H]]QDF]QąF]ĊĞüWHJRRNUHVXQLH]QDQD2VZRMHQLHLKRGRZODE\GáDRUD]
WZRU]HQLHZLĊNV]\FKVWDGGDá\MDNVLĊ]GDMHSRZyGGRZ\RGUĊEQLHQLDVLĊ$U\MF]\NyZ
L6HPLWyZ]SR]RVWDáHMPDV\EDUEDU]\ĔFyZ(XURSHMVF\LD]MDW\FF\$U\MF]\F\PDMą
MHV]F]HZVSyOQHQD]Z\GODE\GáDQDWRPLDVWSUDZLHZFDOHQLHSRVLDGDMąLFKGODURĞOLQ
XSUDZQ\FK
.
8WZRU]HQLHVWDGGRSURZDG]LáRZQDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDWRRNROLFDFKGRSDVWHUVNLH-
JRWU\EXĪ\FLDX6HPLWyZQDWUDZLDVW\FKUyZQLQDFK(XIUDWXL7\JU\VXX$U\MF]\NyZ
QDSRGREQ\FKUyZQLQDFK,QGLL2NVXVXL-DNVDUWHVX'RQXL'QLHSUX2VZDMDQLH]ZLH-
U]ąWPXVLDáRSRF]ąWNRZRRGE\ZDüVLĊQDSRJUDQLF]XWDNLFKSDVWZLVN7RWHĪSyĨQLHMV]\P
SRNROHQLRPZ\GDZDáRVLĊĪHOXG\SDVWHUVNLHSRFKRG]ą]NUDLQNWyUHQLHW\ONRQLHVWD-
QRZLá\NROHENLURG]DMXOXG]NLHJROHF]SU]HFLZQLHQLHQDGDZDá\VLĊQDVLHG]LEĊDQLGOD
LFKG]LNLFKSU]RGNyZDQLQDZHWGODOXG]LQDQLĪV]\PVWRSQLXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZD1DRGZUyW
JG\W\ONRFLEDUEDU]\ĔF\VWRSQLDĞUHGQLHJRSU]\]Z\F]DLOLVLĊGRĪ\FLDSDVWHUVNLHJRDQL
LPSU]H]P\ĞOSU]HMĞüQLHPRJáRE\]SRURVá\FKWUDZąUyZQLQQDGU]HF]Q\FKZUyFLüGR-
EURZROQLHGRNUDLQOHĞQ\FKEĊGąF\FKRMF]\]QąLFKSU]RGNyZ$QDZHWZyZF]DVJG\
]DUyZQR6HPLFLMDN$U\MF]\F\]RVWDOLZ\SDUFLGDOHMQDSyáQRFLQD]DFKyGQLHPRJOLRQL
SU]HQLHĞüVLĊGR]DFKRGQLRD]MDW\FNLFKLHXURSHMVNLFKREV]DUyZOHĞQ\FK]DQLPXSUDZD
]ERĪDQLHGDáDLPPRĪQRĞFLNDUPLHQLDVZ\FKWU]yGD]ZáDV]F]DSU]H]LPRZDQLDLFK
QDW\FKPQLHMGRJRGQ\FKJUXQWDFK-HVWZLĊFHMQLĪSUDZGRSRGREQHĪHXSUDZD]ERĪD
SRZVWDáDWXQDMSLHUZ]SRWU]HE\GRVWDUF]DQLDSDV]\GODE\GáDLGRSLHURSyĨQLHMQDEUDáD
]QDF]HQLDGODZ\Ī\ZLHQLDOXG]L
.
:\ĪV]\VWRSLHĔUR]ZRMXREXW\FKUDVQDOHĪ\E\üPRĪHSU]\SLVDüVSRW\NDQHM
X$U\MF]\NyZL6HPLWyZREILWRĞFLPLĊVQHJRLPOHF]QHJRSRNDUPXDV]F]HJyOQLHMHJR
GREURF]\QQHPXZSá\ZRZLQDUR]ZyMG]LHFL,VWRWQLH,QGLDQLH3XHEOR]1RZHJR0HNV\-
NXNWyU\FKSRĪ\ZLHQLHVWDQRZLá\SUDZLHZ\áąF]QLHURĞOLQ\PDMąPQLHMV]\Py]JQLĪ,Q-
GLDQLHVWRMąF\QDQLĪV]\PVWRSQLXEDUEDU]\ĔVWZDOHF]VSRĪ\ZDMąF\ZLĊFHMPLĊVDLU\E
:NDĪG\PUD]LHQDW\PV]F]HEOX]QLNDVWRSQLRZROXGRĪHUVWZRD]DFKRZXMHVLĊW\ONR
MDNRDNWUHOLJLMQ\OXEFRWXWDMMHVWSUDZLHLGHQW\F]QHMDNR]DELHJPDJLF]Q\
.
6WRSLHĔZ\ĪV]\5R]SRF]\QDVLĊZUD]]SU]HWDSLDQLHPUXG\ĪHOD]QHMLSU]HFKR-
G]LZF\ZLOL]DFMĊG]LĊNLZ\QDOH]LHQLXSLVPDOLWHURZHJRL]DVWRVRZDQLXJRGRSLĞPLHQ-
QLFWZD6WRSLHĔWHQNWyU\MDNHĞP\WRSRZLHG]LHOL]RVWDáSU]HE\W\VDPRG]LHOQLHW\ONR
QDZVFKRGQLHMSyáNXOLEDUG]LHMREILWRZDáZSRVWĊS\SURGXNFMLQLĪZV]\VWNLHSRSU]HGQLH
UD]HPZ]LĊWH1DW\PVWRSQLX]QDMGRZDOLVLĊ*UHF\RNUHVXERKDWHUVNLHJRSOHPLRQD
LWDOVNLHQDNUyWNRSU]HG]DáRĪHQLHP5]\PX*HUPDQRZLH7DF\WDL1RUPDQRZLH]RNUHVX
:LNLQJyZD
.
3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPVSRW\NDP\WXSRUD]SLHUZV]\FLąJQLRQ\SU]H]E\GáRSáXJ]ĪH-
OD]Q\POHPLHV]HPFRXPRĪOLZLDUROQLFWZRQDZLHONąVNDOĊXSUDZĊSyODW\PVDP\P
ZyZF]HVQ\FKZDUXQNDFK±SUDNW\F]QLHQLHRJUDQLF]RQHSRPQDĪDQLHĞURGNyZĪ\ZQRĞFL
5R]SRF]\QDVLĊUyZQLHĪNDUF]RZDQLHODVyZNWyUH]DPLHQLRQH]RVWDMąZJUXQW\RUQH
LáąNL±FR]QyZQLHE\áRE\PRĪOLZHQDZLĊNV]ąVNDOĊEH]ĪHOD]QHJRWRSRUDLĪHOD]QHM
áRSDW\:VNXWHNWHJRMHGQDNQDVWąSLáWDNĪHV]\ENLZ]URVWOXGQRĞFLLMHM]DJĊV]F]HQLD
QDQLHZLHONLPWHU\WRULXP=DQLP]DF]ĊWRXSUDZLDüSRODW\ONRZEDUG]RZ\MąWNRZ\FK
DTP by SHADE
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]