(cooking) Making Jams and Jellies, książki kucharskie po angielsku
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Making Jams and Jellies
by Lynn Paul, Ed.D, R.D., Food and Nutrition Specialist, Alice Bautz,
former Fergus County Extension Agent and Bernice Mason, Yellowstone
County Extension Agent
Instructions for making jams and jellies with and without added pectin
and for reduced-sugar fruit spreads.
MT1996009 HR
Reprinted 1/2004
Four essential ingredients
Fruit
• Provides unique lavor as well as
some pectin and acid.
• Full-lavored, just-ripe fruits are
ideal, but if one-fourth of your
fruit is underripe, it will provide
more natural pectin than fully ripe
fruit.
Sweeteners
• Sugar is essential to help form
the gel and contributes to lavor;
reducing the amount of sugar in
the recipe contributes to poor or no
gelling.
and jar breakage. Use only half-pint
or one-pint jars. Larger jars will
result in a weak gel.
Jellies and jams: with and
without commercial pectin
Jellies and jams without added
commercial pectin contain less
sugar. However, they are generally
more challenging to ensure a quality
product. Jellies and jams made with
commercial pectin simpliies the
process and yields more per amount
of juice.
• Sugar called for in recipes is
reined white sugar, but other
natural and artiicial sweeteners
can be used following special
directions.
• Never use overripe fruit, as it
contains insuficient pectin.
Pectin
• Pectin is found naturally in
fruits and is the ingredient,
when combined with sugar or
other sweeteners (NOT artiicial
sweeteners), that produces a gel.
• Slightly underripe fruit contains
the most pectin.
• Concentrated in the skins and
cores of fruits, pectin is the reason
why recipes call for using skins
and cores for juicing or pulping.
• Most commercial pectin is made
from citrus fruits or apples.
Equipment
Large saucepan:
An 8- to 10-
quart pot with a broad lat bottom
works the best. A heavy metal
container is best because it allows
even heat distribution.
Jelly bag/cloth:
Needed for
extracting juice for jelly.
Cloth:
Damp unbleached muslin
or cotton lannel or four thicknesses
of cheesecloth
Thermometer:
Jelly or
candy thermometer is needed for
determining doneness.
Boiling water bath canner:
Necessary for processing jams and
jellies.
Jars:
Recommended jars are
Mason-type, threaded, home-
canning jars with self-sealing lids.
Commercial jelly or mayonnaise-
type jars result in more seal failures
Preparing the Fruit for Jellies:
With and Without Pectin
• Unless using added pectin, use 1/4
slightly underripe fruit and 3/4 just
ripe fruit. If pectin will be added,
ripe fruit can be used.
• Prepare fruit in batches, enough
for one recipe only. Do not prepare
large batches, as they do not gel
properly.
• Wash fruit, discarding all damaged
portions and caps and stems, but
do not
remove the skin or cores,
since natural pectin found in fruit
is concentrated in these parts.
Acid
• Fruits will not gel or thicken
without acid.
• Fruits naturally contain acid, and
the amount of acid is higher in
underripe fruit.
D-12
Table 1. Extracting juice and making jelly
Extracting the juice
To extract juice
• Add water to fruits that require it, as
listed in the Table 1.
• Put fruit and water in large saucepan
and bring to a boil.
• Simmer according to the times
listed in the table until fruit is soft.
Stir to prevent scorching.
Cups of
water to
add per
pound
of fruit
Minutes
to simmer
fruit before
extracting
juice
Ingredients to add
to each cup of
strained juice
Yield from
4 cups of
juice (half-
pints)
Sugar
(Cups)
Lemon
juice (Tsp)
• One pound of fruit should yield at
least one cup of clear juice.
Apples
1
20 to 25 3/4 1-1/2 (opt) 4 to 5
• When fruit is tender, strain
through a colander, then strain
through a jelly bag or two layers
of cheesecloth, allowing the juice
to drip.
Pressing or squeezing the
bag may cause cloudy jelly.
Blackberries None or 1/4 5 to 10 3/4 to 1 None 7 to 8
Crab apples 1
20 to 25 1
None 4 to 5
Grapes
None or 1/4 5 to 10 3/4 to 1 None 8 to 9
Plums
1/2
15 to 20 3/4 None 8 to 9
• To make without commercial
pectin, use no more than six to eight
cups of extracted fruit juice at a
time, measure fruit juice, sugar, and
lemon juice according to Table 1
and heat to boil.
Table 2. Recommended process time for jelly and jams
without added pectin in a boiling-water canner
• Stir until the sugar dissolves and
boil over high heat to the jellying
point.
• Test jelly for doneness using one of
the following methods:
1) Temperature test: use a jelly
thermometer and boil until
mixture reaches the temperatures
at the altitudes in Table 3.
2) Sheet or spoon test: dip a cool
metal spoon into jelly mixture and
raise the spoon about 12 inches
above the pan. Turn the spoon so
the liquid runs off the side. The
jelly is done when the syrup form
two drops that low together and
sheet or hangs off the edge of the
spoon (see diagram).
• Remove from heat and quickly skim
off foam.
• Fill sterile jars with jelly. See types
of recommended jars on page 1.
• Use a measuring cup to ladle jelly
through wide-mouth funnel, leaving
1/4 inch headspace.
Process Time at Altitudes of
Style of
pack
Jar size
0-1000 feet 1,001-6,000 ft Above 6,000 ft
Hot
Half-pints
or pints
5 min
10
15
Table 3. Temperature test altitudes
Sea
Level
1,000
feet
2,000
feet
3,000
feet
4,000
feet
5,000
feet
6,000
feet
7,000
feet
8,000
feet
220°F 218°F 216°F 214°F 212°F 211°F 209°F 207°F 205°F
• Using self-sealing two-piece lids,
adjust lids and process according to
Table 2.
If jelly mixture on a spoon forms drops that low together and sheet
or hang off the edge of the spoon, the jelly is done.
2
Table 4. Ingredient quantities
Reduced-sugar fruit spreads
Reduced-sugar fruit spreads are tasty,
yet lower in calories and sugars than
regular jams.
Sweetness can be provided by
sweet fruits, juices, spices, or a liquid
low-calorie sweetener.
If making a reduced-sugar fruit
spread, follow the directions available
with the product developed for that
purpose, such as reduced-sugar
commercial pectin product. Make
only small batches at a time because
they are perishable products and
must be stored in the refrigerator.
Unopened, they will keep three to four
weeks in the refrigerator.
Cups
crushed fruit
Cups
sugar
Tbsp
lemon juice
Yield
(Half-pints)
Apricots 4 to 4-1/2 4
2
5 to 6
Berries* 4
4
0
3 to 4
Peaches 5-1/2 to 6 4 to 5
2
6 to 7
*Includes blackberries, boysenberries, dewberries, gooseberries, loganberries,
raspberries and strawberries
.
Making jam without added
pectin
Making jams and jellies with
added commercial pectin
By using added commercial pectin,
you can use fresh fruits and juices
as well as commercially canned or
frozen fruit juices. Follow directions
for each fruit as found on the
package of commercial pectin. Using
commercial pectin eliminates the
need to test for doneness and proper
gelling.
• Purchase fresh pectin each year. Old
pectin results in poor gels.
Remaking soft jellies
General: Work with no more than four
to six cups at a time.
• Wash, rinse, remove stems, skin,
bruises, pits from fruit and cut into
pieces and crush.
To remake with powered pectin:
For each quart of jelly, mix 1/4 cup
sugar, 1/2 cup water, two tablespoons
bottled lemon juice, and four
teaspoons powdered pectin. Bring to
a boil while stirring. Add jelly and
bring to a rolling boil over high heat,
stirring constantly. Boil hard 1/2
minute. Remove from heat, quickly
skim foam off jelly, and ill sterile
jars, leaving 1/4-inch headspace.
Adjust new lids and process.
• Use fully ripe fruits for best lavor.
• Seedy berries may be put though a
sieve or food mill.
• Measure crushed fruit into a large
saucepan using the ingredients and
quantities speciied in Table 4.
• Add sugar and boil rapidly while
stirring rapidly and constantly until
mixture thickens.
• Use one of the following tests to
determine doneness:
1) Temperature test (as described
previously).
2) Refrigerator test: Remove jam
mixture from heat and pour a
small amount of boiling jam on
a cold plate and place it in the
freezer for a few minutes. If the
jam gels, it is done.
• Follow all directions carefully or
a poor quality product may result.
For example, reducing ingredients
or doubling a recipe may prevent
gelling.
• Use recommended canning jars
as designated on page 1, self-
sealing two-piece lids, and process
according to Table 5.
To remake with liquid pectin:
For each quart of jelly, measure 3/4
cup sugar, two tablespoons bottled
lemon juice, and two tablespoons
liquid pectin. Bring jelly only to boil
over high heat, while stirring. Remove
from heat and quickly add the sugar,
• Remove jam from heat and skim off
foam quickly.
Table 5. Recommended process time for jelly and jams with
added pectin in a boiling-water canner
• Fill sterile jars with jelly. See types
of recommended jars on page 1.
• Use a measuring cup to ladle jelly
through wide-mouth funnel, leaving
1/4 inch headspace.
• Using self-sealing, two-piece lids,
adjust lids and process according to
Table 2.
Process Time at Altitudes of
Style of pack Jar size 0-1000 feet 1,001- 6,000 ft Above 6,000 ft
Hot
Half-pints
or pints
5 min
10
15
3
lemon juice and pectin. Bring to a
full rolling boil, stirring constantly.
Boil hard for one minute. Quickly
skim off foam and ill sterile jars,
leaving 1/4-inch headspace. Adjust
new lids and process.
Why do crystals form in jelly?
Crystals throughout the jelly may be
caused by too much sugar in the jelly
mixture, or cooking the mixture too
little, too slowly, or too long. Crystals
that form at the top of jelly that has
been opened and allowed to stand
are caused by evaporation of liquid.
Crystals in grape jelly may be tartrate
crystals.
Other resources
This guide provides information on
processing times and temperatures
with additional tips on key safety
points for home canning. It is not
meant to provide all the safety
information and directions needed
for canning. The following resource
is available for more safety
information and instructions for
home canning:
To remake without added pectin:
For each quart of jelly, add two
tablespoons bottled lemon juice.
Heat to boiling and boil for three to
four minutes. Use one of the tests
described on page 2 to determine
jelly doneness. Remove from heat,
quickly skim off foam, and ill sterile
jars, leaving 1/4 inch headspace.
Adjust new lids and process.
What causes jelly to be too soft?
One or more of the following may
be the cause: Too much juice in the
mixture, too little sugar, mixture not
acid enough, making too big a batch
at one time.
Ball Blue Book, 2003.
Home Canners
Catalog, Alltrista Corp., P.O.
Box 2005, Muncie, IN 47307.
$4.95 + $1 S&H.
Solutions to common
problems
What makes the jelly too stiff?
Too much pectin (fruit was not ripe
enough or too much added pectin was
used). Overcooking.
What makes jelly cloudy?
One or more of the following
may cause cloudy jelly: Pouring
jelly mixture into glasses too slowly.
Allowing jelly mixture to stand
before it is poured. Juice was not
properly strained and so contained
pulp. Jelly set too fast--usually the
result of using too-green fruit.
Why does mold form on jelly or jam?
Because an imperfect seal has
made it possible for mold and air to
get into the container. Discard the
entire jar of jelly. Use recommended
canning jars and lids, and process in
boiling water bath canner. Parafin
seal is
not
recommended.
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File under: FOODS
D-12 (Food Preservation)
Reprinted Jan. 2004
(1000-MG)
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